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an alternative catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils; in organic synthesis, used for desulfurization Sakaguchi's Reagent: Detects the presence of arginine Samarium(II) iodide (Kagan Reagent) a powerful reducing agent Silver oxide: used to prepare other silver compounds; in organic chemistry, used as a mild oxidizing agent: Silver nitrate
An illustrative example is the effect of catalysts to speed the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen: . 2 H 2 O 2 → 2 H 2 O + O 2. This reaction proceeds because the reaction products are more stable than the starting compound, but this decomposition is so slow that hydrogen peroxide solutions are commercially available.
A large variety of phosphine-based ligands may be used in palladium-phosphine catalysts. Bulky, electron-rich ligands such as tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine result in catalysts that are more reactive in the oxidative addition step [ 2 ] and can catalyze the coupling of aryl chlorides , which are typically unreactive.
Typical catalysts are platinum, and redox-active oxides of iron, vanadium, and molybdenum. In many cases, catalysts are modified with a host of additives or promoters that enhance rates or selectivities. Important homogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of organic compounds are carboxylates of cobalt, iron, and manganese
In specific acid catalysis, protonated solvent is the catalyst. The reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the protonated solvent molecules SH +. [6] The acid catalyst itself (AH) only contributes to the rate acceleration by shifting the chemical equilibrium between solvent S and AH in favor of the SH + species. This kind of ...
When the organocatalyst is chiral an avenue is opened to asymmetric catalysis; for example, the use of proline in aldol reactions is an example of chirality and green chemistry. [10] Organic chemists David MacMillan and Benjamin List were both awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on asymmetric organocatalysis. [11]
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Acids are an example of a homogeneous catalyst, they increase the nucleophilicity of carbonyls, allowing a reaction that would not otherwise proceed with electrophiles. The advantage of homogeneous catalysts is the ease of mixing them with the reactants, but they may also be difficult to separate from the products.