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The integral symbol (see below) is used to denote integrals and antiderivatives in mathematics, especially in calculus. ∫ ( Unicode ), ∫ {\displaystyle \displaystyle \int } ( LaTeX ) History
A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. [42] Various different line integrals are in use. In the case of a closed curve it is also called a contour integral. The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field.
The symbol was introduced originally in 1770 by Nicolas de Condorcet, who used it for a partial differential, and adopted for the partial derivative by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1786. [3] It represents a specialized cursive type of the letter d , just as the integral sign originates as a specialized type of a long s (first used in print by ...
More compact collections can be found in e.g. Brychkov, Marichev, Prudnikov's Tables of Indefinite Integrals, or as chapters in Zwillinger's CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae or Bronshtein and Semendyayev's Guide Book to Mathematics, Handbook of Mathematics or Users' Guide to Mathematics, and other mathematical handbooks.
The Supplemental Mathematical Operators block (U+2A00–U+2AFF) contains various mathematical symbols, including N-ary operators, summations and integrals, intersections and unions, logical and relational operators, and subset/superset relations.
integral part (a.k.a. floor) 1808 ! factorial: 1808 ... List of mathematical symbols by subject; Mathematical notation; Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode;
The Numerical Solution of Integral Equations of the Second Kind. Cambridge Monographs on Applied and Computational Mathematics, 1997. George Arfken and Hans Weber. Mathematical Methods for Physicists. Harcourt/Academic Press, 2000. Harry Bateman (1910) History and Present State of the Theory of Integral Equations, Report of the British Association.
An integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data. Integration is one of the two main operations of calculus, with its inverse operation, differentiation, being the other. . integral symbol The integral symbol: