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A coal mine in Wyoming, United States. Coal, produced over millions of years, is a finite and non-renewable resource on a human time scale.. A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a natural resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a pace quick enough to keep up with consumption. [1]
In industrial chemistry, coal gasification is the process of producing syngas—a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H 2), carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), and water vapour (H 2 O)—from coal and water, air and/or oxygen. Historically, coal was gasified to produce coal gas, also known as "town gas
Bituminous coal has a composition of about 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. [40] The low oxygen content of coal shows that coalification removed most of the oxygen and much of the hydrogen a process called carbonization .
Safer, cleaner and cheaper nuclear power can replace coal and is desperately needed as an essential part of the solution". [69] Thorium is 3–4 times more abundant within nature than uranium, and its ore, monazite, is commonly found in sands along bodies of water. Thorium has also gained interest because it could be easier to obtain than uranium.
Refined coal is the product of the coal-upgrading technology that removes moisture and certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and lignite (brown) coals, raising their calorific values. [1] Coal refining or upgrading technologies are typically pre-combustion treatments and processes that alter the characteristics of coal ...
In the fiscal year 2013/14, 430.9 million tonnes of coal was mined, and 375.1 million tonnes was exported. [60] In 2013/14, coal provided about 69% of Australia's electricity production. [61] In 2013, Australia was the world's fifth-largest coal producer, after China, the United States, India, and Indonesia.
The first large petroleum refinery was built in Ploesti, Romania in 1856 using the abundant oil available in Romania. [4] [5] In North America, the first oil well was drilled in 1858 by James Miller Williams in Ontario, Canada. In the United States, the petroleum industry began in 1859 when Edwin Drake found oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania. [6]
Though bituminous coal varies in its chemical composition, a typical composition is about 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. [11] Its bank density (the density of a coal seam prior to breaking up during mining) is about 1346 kg/m 3 (84 lb/ft 3 ) while the bulk density of extracted coal ...