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In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This concept first arose in calculus , and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order theory .
A function that is absolutely monotonic on [,) can be extended to a function that is not only analytic on the real line but is even the restriction of an entire function to the real line. The big Bernshtein theorem : A function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} that is absolutely monotonic on ( − ∞ , 0 ] {\displaystyle (-\infty ,0]} can be ...
As explained in Riesz & Sz.-Nagy (1990), every non-decreasing non-negative function F can be decomposed uniquely as a sum of a jump function f and a continuous monotone function g: the jump function f is constructed by using the jump data of the original monotone function F and it is easy to check that g = F − f is continuous and monotone. [10]
Suppose (,) is a directed-complete partial order (dcpo) with a least element, and let : be a Scott-continuous (and therefore monotone) function. Then f {\displaystyle f} has a least fixed point , which is the supremum of the ascending Kleene chain of f . {\displaystyle f.}
In real analysis, a branch of mathematics, Bernstein's theorem states that every real-valued function on the half-line [0, ∞) that is totally monotone is a mixture of exponential functions. In one important special case the mixture is a weighted average , or expected value .
In mathematics, Helly's selection theorem (also called the Helly selection principle) states that a uniformly bounded sequence of monotone real functions admits a convergent subsequence. In other words, it is a sequential compactness theorem for the space of uniformly bounded monotone functions. It is named for the Austrian mathematician Eduard ...
A function : defined on an interval is said to be operator monotone if whenever and are Hermitian matrices (of any size/dimensions) whose eigenvalues all belong to the domain of and whose difference is a positive semi-definite matrix, then necessarily () where () and () are the values of the matrix function induced by (which are matrices of the same size as and ).
Thomae mentioned it as an example for an integrable function with infinitely many discontinuities in an early textbook on Riemann's notion of integration. [ 4 ] Since every rational number has a unique representation with coprime (also termed relatively prime) p ∈ Z {\displaystyle p\in \mathbb {Z} } and q ∈ N {\displaystyle q\in \mathbb {N ...