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A strut bar, strut brace, or strut tower brace (STB) is an automotive suspension accessory on a monocoque or unibody chassis to provide extra stiffness between the strut towers. With a MacPherson strut suspension system where the spring and shock absorber combine in one suspension unit, which also replaces the upper control arm, the entire ...
In 1920, Leyland Motors used torsion bars in a suspension system. In 1922, independent front suspension was pioneered on Lancia Lambda, and became more common in mass market cars from 1932. [8] Today, most cars have independent suspension on all four wheels. The part on which pre-1950 springs were supported is called a dumb iron.
An anti-roll bar (roll bar, anti-sway bar, sway bar, stabilizer bar) is an automobile suspension part that helps reduce the body roll of a vehicle during fast cornering or over road irregularities. It links opposite front or rear wheels to a torsion spring using short lever arms for anchors.
This is the most common, widely used front suspension system in cars today. It is a very simple and effective design that uses a strut-type spring and shock absorber that work as a team that will pivot on a single ball joint. This system was popularized in British Fords in the 1950s, then adopted by BMW (1962) and Porsche (1963).
As such, push-rod suspension systems allow for much greater high-speed stability, much lower levels of body-roll, and a much lower centre of gravity for the vehicle. [7] For pull-rod suspension systems, the only difference is the orientation of the rocker arms. In a push-rod system, the rocker arms are placed at the highest point in the assembly.
Map of the Presidios built in the Philippines during the 1600s, in Fortress of Empire by Rene Javellana, S. J. (1997). The Spanish fortifications of the Philippines, or fuerzas, are strongholds constructed by Filipinos and Spaniards primarily for protection against local and foreign aggressors during the Spanish colonial period, and during the subsequent American and Japanese occupations.
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The history of the Philippines dates from the earliest hominin activity in the archipelago at least by 709,000 years ago. [1] Homo luzonensis, a species of archaic humans, was present on the island of Luzon [2] [3] at least by 134,000 years ago. [4] The earliest known anatomically modern human was from Tabon Caves in Palawan dating about 47,000 ...