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A paradoxical reaction (or paradoxical effect) is an effect of a chemical substance, such as a medical drug, that is opposite to what would usually be expected. An example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication .
Paradoxical disinhibition is a paradoxical reaction, an uncommon but recognized phenomenon, characterized by acute excitement and an altered mental state, caused by benzodiazepines. The mechanism is poorly known, but the most accepted theory is that it occurs secondary to inhibition of the restraining influences of the cortex and frontal lobe ...
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Paradoxical reactions are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1% and similar to placebo. [ 8 ] [ 120 ] However, they occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with borderline personality disorder , children, and patients on high-dosage regimes.
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Although statements can be self referential without being paradoxical ("This statement is written in English" is a true and non-paradoxical self-referential statement), self-reference is a common element of paradoxes. One example occurs in the liar paradox, which is commonly formulated as the self-referential statement "This statement is false ...
Freud first named the negative therapeutic reaction in The Ego and the Id of 1923, seeing its cause, not merely in the analysand's desire to be superior to their analyst, but (more deeply) in an underlying sense of guilt: "the obstacle of an unconscious sense of guilt....they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better". [1]
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