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Tsunami-proof design of Ocosta Elementary School, Washington. In the United States, there is a recognized lack of tsunami-proof design, especially in vital installations such as aging nuclear reactors in vulnerable regions. [3] For instance, the Unified Building Code of California does not have any provision about designing for tsunamis. [4]
The United States Department of Energy states: "homeowners, business owners, and local leaders may have to take an active role in dealing with energy disruptions on their own." [12] Major institutions like hospitals, military bases and educational institutions often have extensive backup power systems. [13]
The tsunami triggered by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake had a wave height at Fukushima of about 15 m, well above the 5.7 m for which the plant's defences had been designed. [10] The inundation distance of the tsunami was almost identical to that reported for the three earlier events, as was the lateral extent. [11]
In 2020, the storage of contaminated water reached over a million tons, stored in large containers at the grounds of the plant. [85] It was predicted that in 2022, the storage capacity could be exceeded. Therefore, a proposal was made in spring 2020, to start discharging the cooling water into the ocean.
On-site storage, consolidated long-term storage, and geological disposal of spent fuel is "likely to be reevaluated in a new light because of the Fukushima storage pool experience". [ 7 ] In October 2011, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) instructed agency staff to move forward with seven of the 12 safety recommendations put forward by ...
Shelter in place warning SPW – Indicates an event (such as the release of hazardous materials containing toxic fumes or radioactivity harmful to residents in the warning area) in which the public is recommended to shelter in place and take necessary safety precautions. Tsunami watch TSA – A tsunami is forecast to impact the specified area.
A Caribbean-wide tsunami warning system was planned to be instituted by the year 2010, by representatives of Caribbean nations who met in Panama City in March 2008. Panama's last major tsunami killed 4,500 people in 1882. [7] Barbados has said it will review or test its tsunami protocol in February 2010 as a regional pilot. [8] [needs update]
The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy. [65] Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used.