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Nuclei are connected to other nuclei by tracts, the bundles (fascicles) of axons (nerve fibers) extending from the cell bodies. A nucleus is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex.
Another area, not on the dorsum of the brainstem, is where the special visceral efferents nuclei reside. These formed from the pharyngeal arches , in the embryo. This area is a bit below the autonomic motor nuclei , and includes the nucleus ambiguus , facial nerve nucleus, as well as the motor part of the trigeminal nerve nucleus.
The two main neuronal classes in the cerebral cortex are excitatory projection neurons (around 70-80%) and inhibitory interneurons (around 20–30%). [2] Neurons are often grouped into a cluster known as a nucleus where they usually have roughly similar connections and functions. [3] Nuclei are connected to other nuclei by tracts of white matter.
The names given to the various nuclei of the basal ganglia are different in different species. In cats and rodents the internal globus pallidus is known as the entopeduncular nucleus . [ 63 ] In birds the striatum is called the paleostriatum augmentatum and the external globus pallidus is called the paleostriatum primitivum .
Pontine nuclei; Pontine cranial nerve nuclei. Chief or pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V) Motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nucleus (VI) Facial nerve nucleus (VII) Vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII) Superior salivatory nucleus; Pontine tegmentum
Underneath the cerebral cortex are several structures, including the thalamus, the epithalamus, the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the subthalamus; the limbic structures, including the amygdalae and the hippocampi, the claustrum, the various nuclei of the basal ganglia, the basal forebrain structures, and three ...
Nuclei in the pons include pontine nuclei which work with the cerebellum and transmit information between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex. [9] In the dorsal posterior pons lie nuclei that are involved in the functions of breathing, sleep, and taste. [9] The midbrain, or mesencephalon, is situated above and rostral to the pons.
White matter tracts within a human brain, as visualized by MRI tractography. A nerve tract is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting nuclei of the central nervous system. [1] [2] [3] In the peripheral nervous system, this is known as a nerve fascicle, and has associated connective tissue.