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Pelvic inflammatory disease is more likely to reoccur when there is a prior history of the infection, recent sexual contact, recent onset of menses, or an IUD (intrauterine device) in place or if the partner has a sexually transmitted infection.
The infection can spread to the upper genital tract in women, causing pelvic inflammatory disease, which may result in future infertility or ectopic pregnancy. [2] Chlamydia infections can occur in other areas besides the genitals, including the anus, eyes, throat, and lymph nodes.
Gonorrhea can spread into the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can result in scarring of the tubes, greater risk of pregnancy complications and infertility, and can be fatal, particularly in the immunocompromised. [citation needed] PID requires immediate treatment. Infertility in men.
[7] [8] The term sexually transmitted infection is generally preferred over sexually transmitted disease or venereal disease, as it includes cases with no symptomatic disease. [9] Symptoms and signs of STIs may include vaginal discharge , penile discharge , ulcers on or around the genitals , and pelvic pain . [ 1 ]
Both are common causes of multiple other conditions including pelvic inflammatory disease and urethritis. [5] C. trachomatis is the single most important infectious agent associated with blindness (trachoma), and it also affects the eyes in the form of inclusion conjunctivitis and is responsible for about 19% of adult cases of conjunctivitis. [6]
As pelvic inflammatory disease is the major cause of hydrosalpinx formation, steps to reduce sexually transmitted infection will reduce incidence of hydrosalpinx. Also, as hydrosalpinx is a sequel to a pelvic infection, adequate and early antibiotic treatment of a pelvic infection is called for.
Perihepatitis is often caused by one of the inflammatory disorders of the female upper genital tract, known collectively as pelvic inflammatory disease.
Perforated appendicitis, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease with perforation and gastrointestinal surgery are often associated with polymicrobial infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, where the number of isolates can average 12 (two-thirds are generally anaerobes). [27]