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Ghrelin and synthetic ghrelin mimetics (growth hormone secretagogues) increase body weight and fat mass [34] [35] [36] by triggering receptors in the arcuate nucleus [9] that include neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons. [37] [10] Ghrelin-responsiveness of these neurons is both leptin- and insulin-sensitive. [38]
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released from the stomach and liver and is often referred to as the "hunger hormone" since high levels of it are found in individuals that are fasting. Ghrelin agonistic treatments can be used to treat illnesses such as anorexia and loss of appetites in cancer patients.
Motilin is a 22-amino acid polypeptide hormone in the motilin family that, in humans, is encoded by the MLN gene. [2]Motilin is secreted by endocrine Mo cells [3] [4] (also referred to as M cells, which are not the same as the M cells, or microfold cells, found in Peyer's patches) that are numerous in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum. [5]
Sleep loss also affects the metabolism of skeletal muscle. Insufficient sleep has been shown to decrease myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis and contribute to the development of muscle atrophy. [11] Studies have also shown that detrimental effects on muscle protein synthesis caused by sleep loss can be mitigated by exercise. [11]
One transcript, 1a, excises an intron and encodes the functional protein; this protein is the receptor for the ghrelin ligand and defines a neuroendocrine pathway for growth hormone release. The second transcript (1b) retains the intron and does not function as a receptor for ghrelin; however, it may function to attenuate activity of isoform 1a ...
Secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary is regulated by the neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus. These cells release the peptides growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or somatocrinin) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin) into the hypophyseal portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary. GH release in ...
Ghrelin, commonly known as the “hunger hormone,” has been shown to decrease the firing rate and burst frequency of GnRH neurons in a sex- and estrous cycle-dependent manner.This inhibitory effect is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) expressed on GnRH neurons.
The hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis (HPS axis), or hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis, also known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–growth axis, is a hypothalamic–pituitary axis which includes the secretion of growth hormone (GH; somatotropin) from the somatotropes of the pituitary gland into the circulation and the subsequent stimulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 ...