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URL encoding, officially known as percent-encoding, is a method to encode arbitrary data in a uniform resource identifier (URI) using only the US-ASCII characters legal within a URI. Although it is known as URL encoding , it is also used more generally within the main Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) set, which includes both Uniform Resource ...
Decoding some user input twice using the same decoding scheme, once before a security measure and once afterwards, may allow double encoding attacks to bypass that security measure. [15] Thus, to prevent double encoding attacks, all decoding operations on user input should occur before authorization schemes and security filters that intercept ...
Encoding an attachment as Base64 before sending, and then decoding when received, assures older SMTP servers will not interfere with the attachment. Base64 encoding causes an overhead of 33–37% relative to the size of the original binary data (33% by the encoding itself; up to 4% more by the inserted line breaks).
The following normalizations are described in RFC 3986 [1] to result in equivalent URIs: . Converting percent-encoded triplets to uppercase. The hexadecimal digits within a percent-encoding triplet of the URI (e.g., %3a versus %3A) are case-insensitive and therefore should be normalized to use uppercase letters for the digits A-F. [2] Example:
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To prevent hyphens in non-international domain names from triggering a Punycode decoding, the string xn--is prepended to Punycode sequences in internationalized domain names. This is called ACE (ASCII Compatible Encoding). [6] Thus the domain name "bücher.tld" would be represented in a URL as "xn--bcher-kva.tld".
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A binary-to-text encoding is encoding of data in plain text.More precisely, it is an encoding of binary data in a sequence of printable characters.These encodings are necessary for transmission of data when the communication channel does not allow binary data (such as email or NNTP) or is not 8-bit clean.