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History of atomic theory. The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic "cloud" of electrons. Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years in response to scientific discoveries.
1924 Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein introduce Bose–Einstein statistics. 1925 George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit postulate electron spin. 1925 Pierre Auger discovers the Auger process (2 years after Lise Meitner) 1925 Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan formulate quantum matrix mechanics.
Electrons and a compact nucleus of protons and neutrons. Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms.
The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. The first person in recorded history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand, a bankrupt German merchant. Brand tried to discover the philosopher's stone —a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold.
This is a timeline of subatomic particle discoveries, including all particles thus far discovered which appear to be elementary (that is, indivisible) given the best available evidence. It also includes the discovery of composite particles and antiparticles that were of particular historical importance.
J. Robert Oppenheimer. J. Robert Oppenheimer (born Julius Robert Oppenheimer; / ˈɒpənhaɪmər / OP-ən-hy-mər; April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist who served as the director of the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. He is often called the "father of the atomic bomb " for ...
The discoveries of the 118 chemical elements known to exist as of 2024 are presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately determined. There are plans to synthesize more elements, and it ...
An image from John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy, the first modern explanation of atomic theory.. This timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.