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Avestan (/ ə ˈ v ɛ s t ən / ə-VESS-tən) [1] is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism. [2] It belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family and was originally spoken during the Old Iranian period (c. 1500 – 400 BCE) [3] [f 1] by the Iranians living in the eastern portion of Greater Iran.
Yazata is an Avestan-language passive adjectival participle derived from yaz-; "to worship, to honor, to venerate", from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂ǵ-(“to worship, revere, sacrifice”). The word yasna or yagna – "worship, sacrifice, oblation, prayer" – comes from the same root.
First, comparing the number of fragards, the Sasanian Avesta seems to have been several times larger than the texts available today. In addition, the Sasanian Avesta is structures into nasks which seem to be grouped according to their thematic content, whereas the extant Avestan texts are grouped according to the rituals they are used in. [31]
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The Gathas (/ ˈ ɡ ɑː t ə z,-t ɑː z /) [1] are 17 hymns in the Avestan language from the Zoroastrian oral tradition of the Avesta, the oldest surviving text fragment of which dates from 1323 CE. [2] They are traditionally believed to have been composed by the prophet Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) himself. They form the core of the Zoroastrian ...
For Sanskrit, Avestan, Old Persian, Parthian, the third-person singular present indicative is given. Where useful, Sanskrit root forms are provided using the symbol √. For Tocharian, the stem is given. For Hittite, either the third-person singular present indicative or the stem is given.
The Old Avestan material consists of the Gathas, the Yasna Haptanghaiti, and a number of manthras, namely the Ashem Vohu, the Ahuna Vairya and the Airyaman ishya.These Old Avestan texts are assumed to have been composed close together and must have crystallized early on, possibly due to the associating with Zarathustra himself. [12]
Most of the Avestan corpus is composed in Young Avestan. These texts originated in a later stage of the Avestan period separated from the Old Avestan time by several centuries. [ 29 ] Due to a number of geographical references , there is a wide consensus that they were composed in the eastern portion of Greater Iran . [ 30 ]