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The Ministry has created 24 Water Quality Testing Laboratories across Pakistan, developed and commercialized water quality test kits, water filters, water disinfection tablets and drinking water treatment sachets, conducted training for 2,660 professionals of water supply agencies and surveyed 10,000 water supply schemes out of a grand total of ...
The most familiar of these is probably the presence of calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) that interfere with the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers. [13] Hard water may be softened to remove these ions. The softening process often substitutes sodium cations. [14]
Degrees of general hardness (dGH or °GH) is a unit of water hardness, specifically of general hardness. General hardness is a measure of the concentration of divalent metal ions such as calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) per volume of water. Specifically, 1 dGH is defined as 10 milligrams (mg) of calcium oxide (CaO) per litre of
Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation.
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His soap test for hardness, patented in 1841, [2] was quickly taken by the government for waters proposed to be supplied to towns. His other major invention was the process of softening waters rendered hard by the presence of calcium bicarbonate in solution, a process that Thomas Graham took as exemplary applied science. Although the process ...