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See the section "Higher mathematics" below for some extensions of the notion of parity to a larger class of "numbers" or in other more general settings. Even and odd numbers have opposite parities, e.g., 22 (even number) and 13 (odd number) have opposite parities. In particular, the parity of zero is even. [2]
Even and odd numbers: An integer is even if it is a multiple of 2, and is odd otherwise. Prime number : A positive integer with exactly two positive divisors : itself and 1. The primes form an infinite sequence 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, ...
The appearance of this odd number is explained by a still more general result, known as the handshaking lemma: any graph has an even number of vertices of odd degree. [17] Finally, the even number of odd vertices is naturally explained by the degree sum formula. Sperner's lemma is a more advanced application of the same strategy.
A curve (top) is filled according to two rules: the even–odd rule (left), and the non-zero winding rule (right). In each case an arrow shows a ray from a point P heading out of the curve. In the even–odd case, the ray is intersected by two lines, an even number; therefore P is concluded to be 'outside' the curve.
An even permutation can be obtained as the composition of an even number (and only an even number) of exchanges (called transpositions) of two elements, while an odd permutation can be obtained by (only) an odd number of transpositions. The following rules follow directly from the corresponding rules about addition of integers: [1]
That implies that product of any number of even functions is an even function as well. The product of two odd functions is an even function. The product of an even function and an odd function is an odd function. The quotient of two even functions is an even function. The quotient of two odd functions is an even function.