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A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. [ 4 ]
Boiler water is treated to prevent scaling, corrosion, foaming, and priming. Chemicals are put into boiler water through the chemical feed tank to keep the water within chemical range. These chemicals are mostly oxygen scavengers and phosphates. The boiler water also has frequent blowdowns in order to keep the chloride content down.
A means had to be provided, of course, to put the initial charge of water into the boiler (before steam power was available to operate the steam-powered feedwater pump). The pump was often a positive displacement pump that had steam valves and cylinders at one end and feedwater cylinders at the other end; no crankshaft was required.
In 1899, George M Kleucker received a patent for an improved method of de-aerating water. [8] Two sister ships, Olympic and Titanic (1912), had contact feed heaters on board. [9] In 1934 the US Navy purchased an atomizing deaerator. [10] During the 1920s the feedwater heaters and deaerators designs improved. [11] [12] [13]
A Rankine cycle with a two-stage steam turbine and a single feed water heater. The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station is defined as saleable energy produced as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed. A simple cycle gas turbine achieves energy conversion efficiencies from 20 to 35%. [5]
Feed water for boilers needs to be as pure as possible with a minimum of suspended solids and dissolved impurities which cause corrosion, foaming and water carryover. The most common options for demineralization of boiler feedwater are reverse osmosis (RO) and ion exchange (IX).