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The TLC plate can either be dipped in or sprayed with a stain and sometimes heated depending on the stain used. Many stains exist for a large range of chemical moieties but some examples include: [7] [16] [17] Potassium permanganate (no heating, for oxidisable groups) Ninhydrin (heating, amines and amino-acids) Acidic vanillin (heating, general ...
Thin-layer chromatography is used to separate components of a plant extract, illustrating the experiment with plant pigments which gave chromatography its name. In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a quick alternative to more complex chromatography methods. TLC can be used to analyze inks and dyes by extracting the individual components. [18] This can be used to investigate notes or fibers left at the scene since each company's product is slightly different and those differences can be seen with TLC.
Around 90% of all pharmaceutical separations are performed on normal phase silica gel; however, other stationary phases such as alumina can be used for samples with dissociating compounds and cellulose for ionic compounds. [4] The reverse-phase HPTLC method (similar methodology to reverse-phase TLC) is used for compounds with high polarity.
Elution principle of column chromatography. In analytical and organic chemistry, elution is the process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent: washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions, or eluting proteins or other biopolymers from a gel electrophoresis or chromatography column.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify specific components in mixtures.
In chromatography, the retardation factor (R) is the fraction of an analyte in the mobile phase of a chromatographic system. [1] In planar chromatography in particular, the retardation factor R F is defined as the ratio of the distance traveled by the center of a spot to the distance traveled by the solvent front. [2]
Phosphomolybdic is used as a stain for developing thin-layer chromatography plates, [4] staining phenolics, hydrocarbon waxes, alkaloids, and steroids. Conjugated unsaturated compounds reduce PMA to molybdenum blue. The color intensifies with increasing number of double bonds in the molecule being stained. [5]