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Ancient Sumerian cylinder seal impression showing the god Dumuzid being tortured in the underworld by galla demons. The ancient Mesopotamian underworld (known in Sumerian as Kur, Irkalla, Kukku, Arali, or Kigal, and in Akkadian as Erṣetu), was the lowermost part of the ancient near eastern cosmos, roughly parallel to the region known as Tartarus from early Greek cosmology.
Nergal (Sumerian: 𒀭𒄊𒀕𒃲 [1] d KIŠ.UNU or d GÌR.UNU.GAL; [2] Hebrew: נֵרְגַל, Modern: Nergal, Tiberian: Nērgal; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; [3] Latin: Nirgal) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations indicating that his cult survived into the period of Achaemenid domination.
Aicha Rahmouni compares the role of Namtar in Mesopotamian beliefs to that played by Mot, the personified death, in Ugaritic texts. [4] The primary roles of Namtar in the Mesopotamian pantheon were those of a minor god of the underworld and of a disease demon, [3] especially strongly associated with headaches and heart pain. [5]
Gallu demons hauled unfortunate victims off to the underworld. They were one of seven devils (or "the offspring of hell") of Babylonian theology that could be appeased by the sacrifice of a lamb at their altars. [3] The goddess Inanna was pursued by gallu demons after being escorted from the Underworld by Galatura and Kuryara.
Articles relating to the Ancient Mesopotamian underworld (Kur, Irkalla, Kukku, Arali, Kigal, Erṣetu), the lowermost part of the ancient near eastern cosmos, roughly parallel to the region known as Tartarus from early Greek cosmology.
In Mesopotamian mythology, Ereshkigal (Sumerian: 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲 [D EREŠ.KI.GAL]), lit. "Queen of the Great Earth") [1] [2] [a] was the goddess of Kur, the land of the dead or underworld in Sumerian mythology.
Ereshkigal was the queen of the Mesopotamian Underworld. [140] [141] She lived in a palace known as Ganzir. [140] In early accounts, her husband is Gugalanna, [140] whose character is undefined, but later the northern god Nergal was placed in this role. [140] [141] Her gatekeeper was the god Neti [141] and her sukkal was Namtar. [140]
Ningishzida (Sumerian: 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕 D NIN.G̃IŠ.ZID.DA, possible meaning "Lord [of the] Good Tree") was a Mesopotamian deity of vegetation, the underworld and sometimes war. He was commonly associated with snakes. Like Dumuzi, he was believed to spend a part of the year in the land of the dead.