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Clozapine N-oxide (CNO) is a synthetic drug used mainly in biomedical research as a ligand to activate Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs), [1] despite the initial belief that it was biologically inert.
Clozapine, sold under the brand name Clozaril among others, is a psychiatric medication and was the first atypical antipsychotic to be discovered. [6] It is primarily used to treat people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who have had an inadequate response to two other antipsychotics, or who have been unable to tolerate other drugs due to extrapyramidal side effects.
DHA-clozapine (tentative trade name Clozaprexin) [1] is an atypical antipsychotic drug candidate that was created and originally tested by chemists at Protarga, a small pharmaceutical in Pennsylvania, and scientists at Harvard University.
Autocrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell. [1] This can be contrasted with paracrine signaling, intracrine signaling, or classical endocrine signaling.
A chemical message is any compound that serves to transmit a message, and may refer to: Hormone, long range chemical messenger; Neurotransmitter, communicates to adjacent cells; Neuropeptide, a protein sequence which acts as a hormone or neurotransmitter. The blood or other body fluids transport neuropeptides to non adjacent target cells, where ...
Clozapine is an effective treatment for those who respond poorly to other drugs ("treatment-resistant" or "refractory" schizophrenia), [94] but it has the potentially serious side effect of agranulocytosis (lowered white blood cell count) in less than 4% of people.
N-Desmethylclozapine (NDMC), or norclozapine, is a major active metabolite of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine. [1] [2]Unlike clozapine, it possesses intrinsic activity at the D 2 /D 3 receptors, and acts as a weak partial agonist at these sites similarly to aripiprazole and bifeprunox. [3]
SP initiates expression of almost all known immunological chemical messengers . [20] [21] [22] Also, most of the cytokines, in turn, induce SP and the NK1 receptor. [23] [24] SP is particularly excitatory to cell growth and multiplication, [25] via usual, [26] as well as oncogenic drivers. [27] SP is a trigger for nausea and emesis. [28]