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Dysthymia (/ d ɪ s ˈ θ aɪ m i ə / dihs-THIY-mee-uh), also known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), [3] is a mental and behavioral disorder, [5] specifically a disorder primarily of mood, consisting of similar cognitive and physical problems as major depressive disorder, but with longer-lasting symptoms.
It asks about lifetime history of symptoms, which is a strength for screening and detection, but a weakness for measuring the current severity of mood symptoms. The MDQ also uses a yes/no format for the symptoms, rather than asking about the severity of each. Other rating scales are more useful for measuring severity and treatment outcomes.
The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and the PHQ-15 were combined to create the PHQ-somatic, anxiety, depressive symptoms (PHQ-SADS) [2] and includes questions regarding panic attacks (after the GAD-7 section). Though less commonly used, there are also brief versions of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 that may be useful as screening tools in some settings.
People with high-functioning anxiety are typically high-achievers, perfectionists, and “type A,” whose symptoms of generalized anxiety are less visible and, therefore, harder to treat.
A study found that scores between the two tests are highly correlated (r = 0.998). [14] The PHQ-15 is a 15-item scale derived from the larger PHQ. The PHQ-15 inquires in 15 symptoms relating to somatoform disorders. The questions on the PHQ-15 account for 90% of all symptoms that providers observe in primary care settings. [14]
Meta-analyses suggest that the combination of psychotherapy and antidepressant medications is more effective in treating mild and moderate forms of depression than either type of treatment alone. [27] Patients with severe symptoms may require outpatient treatment or hospitalization. [7]
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