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Presence has been delineated into subtypes, such as physical-, social-, and self-presence. [1] Lombard's working definition was "a psychological state in which virtual objects are experienced as actual objects in either sensory or nonsensory ways."
Metaphysics of presence (German: Metaphysik der Anwesenheit) is a view held by Martin Heidegger in Being and Time that holds the entire history of Western philosophy is based on privileging presence over absence.
Darley and Latané (1968) performed a study that viewed whether the presence of other bystanders would affect the likelihood and speed of which the subjects would respond to hearing another subject (a confederate) having a seizure. The subjects either believed they were in a two-person group, three-person group, or a six-person group.
Omnipresence or ubiquity is the property of being present anywhere and everywhere. The term omnipresence is most often used in a religious context as an attribute of a deity or supreme being, while the term ubiquity is generally used to describe something "existing or being everywhere at the same time, constantly encountered, widespread, common".
Social presence theory explores how the "sense of being with another" is influenced by digital interfaces in human-computer interactions. [1] Developed from the foundations of interpersonal communication and symbolic interactionism, social presence theory was first formally introduced by John Short, Ederyn Williams, and Bruce Christie in The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. [2]
Divine Presence in Islam is known as "Hadra" and the human experience of it is known as "Hudur". [3] Practices in Sufism intended to evoke Hudur usually characterize it as "the heart's presence with Allah" ("Hudur al-Qalb"). [4] Examples of such practices include: The Haḍra group ritual; Muraqabah (meditation) in general
There are three processes of attitude change as defined by Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman in a 1958 paper published in the Journal of Conflict Resolution. [1] The purpose of defining these processes was to help determine the effects of social influence: for example, to separate public conformity (behavior) from private acceptance (personal belief).
Telepresence and virtual presence rely on similar user-interface equipment, and they share the common feature that the relevant portions of the user's experience at some point in the process will be transmitted in an abstract (usually digital) representation.