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1774 – Charles Mason: Conducts an experiment near the Scottish mountain of Schiehallion that attempts to measure the mean density of the Earth for the first time. Known as the Schiehallion experiment. 1796 – Edward Jenner: tests the first vaccine. 1798 – Henry Cavendish: Torsion bar experiment to measure Newton's gravitational constant.
The experiment became a popular way to illustrate the principles of air pressure, and many smaller copies of the hemispheres were made, and are used to this day in science classes. Reenactments of von Guericke's experiment of 1654 are performed in locations around the world by the Otto von Guericke Society.
Benjamin Libet's experiment on free will shows that a readiness potential appears before the notion of doing the task enters conscious experience, sparking debate about the illusory nature of free will yet again. (1983) Vilayanur S. Ramachandran's experiment on phantom limbs with the Mirror Box throw light on the nature of 'learned paralysis ...
The experiments of Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794), a French chemist regarded as the founder of modern chemistry, were among the first to be truly quantitative. Lavoisier showed that although matter changes its state in a chemical reaction , the quantity of matter is the same at the end as at the beginning of every chemical reaction.
Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. [121] Leucippus (5th century BCE) introduced atomism , the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms .
Pictet's experiment: Marc-Auguste Pictet: Demonstration Thermal radiation: 1797 Cavendish experiment: Henry Cavendish: Measurement Gravitational constant: 1799 Voltaic pile: Alessandro Volta: Demonstration First electric battery: 1803 Young's interference experiment: Thomas Young: Confirmation Wave theory of light: 1819 Arago spot experiment ...
An important piece in the double helix puzzle was solved by one of Pauling's students Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl, the result of their collaboration (Meselson–Stahl experiment) has been called as "the most beautiful experiment in biology". They used a centrifugation technique that sorted molecules according to differences in weight.
1803 – Thomas Young develops the Double-slit experiment and demonstrates the effect of interference. [15] 1806 – Alessandro Volta employs a voltaic pile to decompose potash and soda, showing that they are the oxides of the previously unknown metals potassium and sodium. These experiments were the beginning of electrochemistry.