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The expectation of evidence makes its absence significant. [4] As the previous example shows, the difference between evidence that something is absent (e.g., an observation that suggests there were no dragons here today) and simple absence of evidence (e.g., no careful research has been done) can be nuanced.
Rumsfeld during a Pentagon news briefing in February 2002 "There are unknown unknowns" is a phrase from a response United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld gave to a question at a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) news briefing on February 12, 2002, about the lack of evidence linking the government of Iraq with the supply of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups. [1]
Epistemic closure [1] is a property of some belief systems.It is the principle that if a subject knows , and knows that entails, then can thereby come to know .Most epistemological theories involve a closure principle and many skeptical arguments assume a closure principle.
Epistemology is the philosophical study of knowledge.Also called theory of knowledge, [a] it examines what knowledge is and what types of knowledge there are. It further investigates the sources of knowledge, like perception, inference, and testimony, to determine how knowledge is created.
[1] [2] In epistemology, evidence is what justifies beliefs or what determines whether holding a certain doxastic attitude is rational. [3] [4] [5] For example, the olfactory experience of smelling smoke justifies or makes it rational to hold the belief that something is burning. It is usually held that for justification to work, the evidence ...
Related to the use of intuitions in epistemology is the analysis of epistemic terms. For example, epistemologists have sought an analysis of knowledge by attempting to find the scenarios in which a subject knows a particular proposition. [23] An issue in metaepistemology concerns the proper role of analysis within the methodology of ...
One of the many difficulties of expressing Jacques Derrida's project (deconstruction) in simple terms is the enormous scale of it.Just to understand the context of Derrida's theory, one needs to be acquainted intimately with philosophers such as Socrates–Plato–Aristotle, René Descartes, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Charles Sanders Peirce, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Karl Marx ...
The uniqueness thesis is “the idea that a body of evidence justifies at most one proposition out of a competing set of propositions (e.g., one theory out of a bunch of exclusive alternatives) and that it justifies at most one attitude toward any particular proposition.” [1] The types of attitudes towards a proposition, are: believing, disbelieving, and suspending judgment.