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Hypocaust under the floor in a Roman villa in Vieux-la-Romaine, near Caen, France. A hypocaust (Latin: hypocaustum) is a system of central heating in a building that produces and circulates hot air below the floor of a room, and may also warm the walls with a series of pipes through which the hot air passes.
The heating of the premises was also done by hot air distribution ducts called tubulis, these are elements of terracotta ducts of different shapes, allowing the circulation of hot air from the hypocaust to the upper parts of the thermal baths. Tubuli heating systems were one of the most advanced heating designs used in antiquity and were ...
A gas heater is a space heater used to heat a room or outdoor area by burning natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. Indoor household gas heaters can be broadly categorized in one of two ways: flued or non-flued, or vented and unvented .
Many cities of the Roman Empire had over 100,000 inhabitants with the capital Rome being the largest metropolis of antiquity. Features of Roman urban life included multistory apartment buildings called insulae, street paving, public flush toilets, glass windows and floor and wall heating.
Electric heating or resistance heating converts electricity directly to heat. Electric heat is often more expensive than heat produced by combustion appliances like natural gas, propane, and oil. Electric resistance heat can be provided by baseboard heaters, space heaters, radiant heaters, furnaces, wall heaters, or thermal storage systems.
In a rare example of the use of metal in a Roman heating system, above each of the three furnaces was a so-called samovar, a domed metal plate supported by brick pilae on the sides, and which was part of the pool floor and in direct contact with the water. The hypocaust was also unusual in using metal verticals and grids to free the heating ...