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In philosophy, Occam's razor (also spelled Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor; Latin: novacula Occami) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements.
Critical thinking is the process of analyzing available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to make sound conclusions or informed choices. It involves recognizing underlying assumptions, providing justifications for ideas and actions, evaluating these justifications through comparisons with varying perspectives, and assessing their rationality and potential consequences. [1]
The term lateral thinking was coined by Edward de Bono to denote a creative problem-solving style that involves looking at the given situation from unexpected angles, and is typically necessary to the solution of situation puzzles. The term "lateral-thinking puzzle" was popularised by Paul Sloane in his 1992 book Lateral Thinking Puzzlers. [1]
Through analytic reasoning, one can make the judgment that John is unmarried. One knows this to be true since the state of being unmarried is implied in the word bachelor; no particular experience of John is necessary to make this judgement. To suggest that John is married—given that he is a bachelor—would be self-contradictory.
Mental state shift and cognitive re-framing: Changing one's focus away from active problem-solving and towards a creative solution set. Multiple idea facilitation: Increasing the quantity of fresh ideas based on the belief that a greater number of ideas will raise the chances that one of these is valuable. This may include randomly selecting an ...
Metacognition can take many forms, such as reflecting on one's ways of thinking, and knowing when and how oneself and others use particular strategies for problem-solving. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] There are generally two components of metacognition: (1) cognitive conceptions and (2) cognitive regulation system.
[116] [117] This way, logical reasoning can help the person avoid the effects of propaganda or being manipulated by others. [118] [119] When important information is missing, it is often better to suspend judgment than to jump to conclusions. [118] In this regard, logical reasoning should be skeptical and open-minded at the same time. [120]
Satisficing also occurs in consensus building when the group looks towards a solution everyone can agree on even if it may not be the best. Example: A group spends hours projecting the next fiscal year's budget. After hours of debating they eventually reach a consensus, only to have one person speak up and ask if the projections are correct.