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Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are mineral concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. As nodules can be found in vast quantities, and contain valuable metals, deposits have been identified as a potential economic interest. [ 1 ]
Hübnerite or hubnerite is a mineral consisting of manganese tungsten oxide (chemical formula MnWO 4). It is the manganese endmember of the manganese–iron wolframite solid solution series. It forms reddish brown to black monoclinic prismatic submetallic crystals. The crystals are typically flattened and occur with fine striations.
Nodule is also used for widely scattered concretionary lumps of manganese, cobalt, iron, and nickel found on the floors of the world's oceans. This is especially true of manganese nodules. Manganese and phosphorite nodules form on the seafloor and are syndepositional in origin. Thus, technically speaking, they are concretions instead of nodules ...
Buserite is a hydrated layered manganese-oxide mineral with nominal chemical formula MnO 2 ·nH 2 O. It was named after Swiss chemist professor Wilhelm Buser (1917-1959), who first identified it in 1952 in deep-sea manganese nodules. Buser named it 10 Å manganate because the periodicity in the layer stacking direction was 10 Å.
The CCZ is regularly considered for deep-sea mining due to the abundant presence of manganese nodules. The CCZ extends around 4,500 miles (7,240 km) East to West [4] and spans approximately 4,500,000 square kilometres (1,700,000 sq mi). [5] The fractures themselves are unusually mountainous topographical features.
Groutite is a manganese oxide mineral with formula Mn 3+ O(OH). It is a member of the diaspore group and is trimorphous with manganite and feitknechtite. It forms lustrous black crystals in the orthorhombic system. It occurs in weathered banded iron formations, metamorphosed manganese ore bodies and hydrothermal ore environments. [2]
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[34] [35] Septarian nodules are characteristically found in carbonate-rich mudrock. They typically show an internal structure of polyhedral blocks (the matrix) separated by mineral-filled radiating cracks (the septaria) which taper towards the rim of the concretion. The radiating cracks sometimes intersect a second set of concentric cracks.