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Although the effects of soil liquefaction have been long understood, engineers took more notice after the 1964 Alaska earthquake and 1964 Niigata earthquake. It was a major cause of the destruction produced in San Francisco's Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and in the Port of Kobe during the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake.
The term ground failure is a general reference to landslides, liquefaction, lateral spreads, and any other consequence of shaking that affects the stability of the ground. This usually takes place as an after-effect of an earthquake, and is one of the major causes of destruction after an earthquake. Ground failures tend to happen almost every ...
The effects of soil liquefaction, seen after 2011 Canterbury earthquake. In geology, soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. [6] Soil liquefaction was blamed for building collapses in the city of Palu, Indonesia ...
Coseismic liquefaction induced by one of the 2012 Emilia, Northern Italy, earthquakes. Secondary effects: mostly this is the intensity of the ground shaking (e.g., landslides, liquefaction, etc.). The importance of a tool to measure earthquake Intensity was already outlined early in the 1990s. [2]
An example of this is during the 1989 earthquake in San Francisco when sand boils brought up debris from the 1906 earthquake. This process is a result of liquefaction. By mapping the location of sand boils that erupted in the Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, scientists discovered the site of a lagoon that existed in 1906.
The Hokuriku region was struck by a magnitude-7.6 earthquake on January 1, 2024, an event that hit the Noto Peninsula the hardest, triggering a tsunami, fires, widespread soil liquefaction, and ...
Aftershocks are possible in the following days, months or years after Friday's 4.8 magnitude earthquake, which was felt throughout parts of New York.
In other areas liquefaction, sand boils, landslides, and soil slumping occurred. [19] Liquefaction was also determined to be a main contributor to increased stream flows. With multiple stream gauges collecting data before and after the earthquake there was a regular pattern of higher increased stream flow around areas where liquefaction ...