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IGF-1 is produced throughout life; the highest rates of IGF-1 production occur during the pubertal growth spurt. [12] The lowest levels occur in infancy and old age. [13] [14] Low IGF-1 levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, while high IGF-1 levels are associated with cancer. Mid-range IGF-1 levels are associated with the lowest ...
The IGF-1 receptor is the "physiological" receptor. IGF-1 binds to it at significantly higher affinity than it binds the insulin receptor. Like the insulin receptor, the IGF-1 receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase—meaning the receptor signals by causing the addition of a phosphate molecule on particular tyrosines. The IGF-2 receptor only ...
Cixutumumab selectively binds to membrane-bound IGF-1R, thereby preventing the binding of the ligand IGF-1 and subsequent activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Downregulation of the PI3K/AKT survival pathway may result in the induction of cancer cell apoptosis and may decrease cancer cellular proliferation.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are pivotal in cellular processes contributing to normal physiology as well as certain pathologies (e.g., cancer). [3] The IGF family of proteins, also known as the IGF axis, consists of three ligands (insulin, IGF1, IGF2), three cell surface receptors (insulin receptor [IR], IGF1 receptor [IGF1R], IGF2 receptor [IGF2R]), and seven IGF binding proteins ...
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor is a protein found on the surface of human cells. It is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by a hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 and by a related hormone called IGF-2. It belongs to the large class of tyrosine kinase receptors. This receptor mediates the effects of IGF-1 ...
[5] [6] [7] The major function of the protein is the regulation of availability of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in tissue as well as in modulating IGF binding to its receptors. IGFBP7 binds to IGF with low affinity compared to IGFBPs 1-6. [8] [9] It also stimulates cell adhesion. The protein is implicated in some cancers. [10]
In cancer treatment, growth factor receptor inhibitors have been used to target cancer cells. [2]In cancer research, growth factor receptor inhibitors have been applied to protect normal cells selectively from the toxic side-effects of chemotherapy targeted against cancer cells.
IRS-1 protein is known to be involved in various types of cancer, including colorectal, [37] lung, [38] prostate and breast cancer. [39] IRS-1 integrates signalling from insulin receptor (InsR), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) and many other cytokine receptors and is elevated in β-catenin induced cells.