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Note 7] Another description of the layers of hell comes from "models such as that recorded by al-Thalabi (died 427/1035)" corresponding to "the seven earths of medieval Islamic cosmology"; [55] [Note 8] the place of hell before the Day of Resurrection. [134]
In Islam, Jahannam (in Arabic: جهنم) (related to the Hebrew word gehinnom) is the counterpart to heaven and likewise divided into seven layers, both co-existing with the temporal world, [104] filled with blazing fire, boiling water, and a variety of other torments for those who have been condemned to it in the hereafter.
The basic structure of the Islamic cosmos was one constituted of seven stacked layers of both heaven and earth. Humans live on the uppermost layer of the earth, whereas the bottommost layer is hell and the residence of the devil. The bottommost layer of heaven, directly above the earth, is the sky, whereas the uppermost one is Paradise.
Classical scholars such as Muqatil ibn Sulayman and al-Mawardi interpreting surah An-Naba 78:21 mentioned those angels who guard hell dwell in hell and actively monitoring the infidels until their descent into Hell, [80] while Muhammad Sulaiman al-Ashqar from Islamic University of Madinah also highlights these roles in the same verse. [81]
The number seven appears frequently in Babylonian magical rituals. [13] The seven Jewish and the seven Islamic heavens may have had their origin in Babylonian astronomy. [1] In general, the heavens is not a place for humans in Mesopotamian religion. As Gilgamesh says to his friend Enkidu, in the Epic of Gilgamesh: "Who can go up to the heavens ...
The seven layers of hell are identified with the seven earths. Sijjin is one of the lowest layers of hell, while Illiyin the highest layer of heaven. [71] Hell is portrayed with the imageries of seas of fire, dungeons, thorny shrubs, the tree of Zaqqum, but also immense cold at bottom, inhabited by scorpions, serpents, zabaniyya and shayatin. [72]
[5]: 167–168 Like most Sunni, Shia Islam hold that all Muslims will eventually go to Jannah, [27] [28] and like the Ash'ari school, believe heedless and stubborn unbelievers will go to hell, while those ignorant of the truth of Islam but "truthful to their own religion", will not. [29]
The world of images would be filled with layers of paradise, hell, and the people therein. [5]: 191 Mulla Sadra, a Shia philosopher and theologian from the 16th century, conjectured that, like ibn Sina and al-Suhrawardi before him, souls in the otherworld create their own paradise and hell, depending on their imaginative faculties. [5]: 193