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Fountas & Pinnell reading levels (commonly referred to as "Fountas & Pinnell") are a proprietary system of reading levels developed by Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell and published by Heinemann to support their Levelled Literacy Interventions (LLI) series of student readers and teacher resource products.
"The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. [1] Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), [2] usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, [3] computer aids for editing tests ...
NAEP reading assessment results are reported as average scores on a 0–500 scale. [46] The Basic Level is 208 and the Proficient Level is 238. [47] The average reading score for grade-four public school students was 219. [48] Female students had an average score that was 7 points higher than male students.
Nationally, almost 70% of low-income fourth-grade students cannot read at a basic level. In Oklahoma, 76% of fourth-graders cannot read on a basic level, according to National Association of ...
The automated readability index (ARI) is a readability test for English texts, designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, Fry readability formula, and Coleman–Liau index, it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text.
A rendition of the Fry graph. The Fry readability formula (or Fry readability graph) is a readability metric for English texts, developed by Edward Fry. [1]The grade reading level (or reading difficulty level) is calculated by the average number of sentences (y-axis) and syllables (x-axis) per hundred words.