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In addition, acetyl-CoA is a precursor for the biosynthesis of various acetyl-chemicals, acting as an intermediate to transfer an acetyl group during the biosynthesis of those acetyl-chemicals. Acetyl-CoA is also involved in the regulation of various cellular mechanisms by providing acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post ...
Its acetyl-coenzyme A form is the primary input in the citric acid cycle and is obtained from glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid beta oxidation. This process is the body's primary catabolic pathway and is essential in breaking down the building blocks of the cell such as carbohydrates , amino acids , and lipids .
Acetyl Co-A can also be used in fatty acid synthesis, and a common function of the synthetase is to produce acetyl Co-A for this purpose. [3] The reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA synthetase takes place in two steps. First, AMP must be bound by the enzyme to cause a conformational change in the active site, which allows the reaction to take place.
Two specific enzymes participate on the carbon monoxide side of the pathway: CO dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthase. The former catalyzes the reduction of the CO 2 and the latter combines the resulting CO with a methyl group to give acetyl-CoA. [2] [1] [3] Some anaerobic bacteria use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in reverse to break down acetate.
The acetyl-CoA produced can be used in a variety of ways depending on the needs of the organism. For example, acetate-forming bacteria use acetyl-CoA for their autotrophic growth processes, and methanogenic archae such as Methanocarcina barkeri convert the acetyl-CoA into acetate and use it as an alternative source of carbon instead of CO 2. [5]
This four step process repeats until acyl-CoA has removed all carbons from the chain, leaving only Acetyl-CoA. During one cycle of beta oxidation, Acyl-CoA creates one molecule of Acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH. [7] Acetyl-CoA is then used in the citric acid cycle while FADH2 and NADH are sent to the electron transport chain. [8]
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The CitF family catalyzes reactions involving acetyl-CoA and citrate EC 2.8.3.10), but its main role is as an acyl-ACP transferase (as part of citrate lyase; EC 4.1.3.6). The MdcA family catalyzes reactions involving acetyl-CoA and malonate (EC 2.8.3.3), but it too is an acyl-ACP transferase (as part of malonate decarboxylase; EC 4.1.1.9).