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Starting with Python 3.12, the built-in "sum()" function uses the Neumaier summation. [ 25 ] In the Julia language, the default implementation of the sum function does pairwise summation for high accuracy with good performance, [ 26 ] but an external library provides an implementation of Neumaier's variant named sum_kbn for the cases when ...
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The elementary functions are constructed by composing arithmetic operations, the exponential function (), the natural logarithm (), trigonometric functions (,), and their inverses. The complexity of an elementary function is equivalent to that of its inverse, since all elementary functions are analytic and hence invertible by means of Newton's ...
The fact that the Pauli matrices, along with the identity matrix I, form an orthogonal basis for the Hilbert space of all 2 × 2 complex matrices , over , means that we can express any 2 × 2 complex matrix M as = + where c is a complex number, and a is a 3-component, complex vector.
When z is 1, the function is called the sigma function or sum-of-divisors function, [1] [3] and the subscript is often omitted, so σ(n) is the same as σ 1 (n) (OEIS: A000203). The aliquot sum s ( n ) of n is the sum of the proper divisors (that is, the divisors excluding n itself, OEIS : A001065 ), and equals σ 1 ( n ) − n ; the aliquot ...
Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables (+) = + + (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...
In number theory, σ is included in various divisor functions, especially the sigma function or sum-of-divisors function. In applied mathematics , σ( T ) denotes the spectrum of a linear map T . In complex analysis , σ is used in the Weierstrass sigma-function .
Prefix sums are trivial to compute in sequential models of computation, by using the formula y i = y i − 1 + x i to compute each output value in sequence order. However, despite their ease of computation, prefix sums are a useful primitive in certain algorithms such as counting sort, [1] [2] and they form the basis of the scan higher-order function in functional programming languages.