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Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development outlines four stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational) in a child's cognitive development from infancy to adolescence.
Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory posits that social interaction is fundamental to cognitive development. Vygotsky emphasized the influence of cultural and social contexts on learning, claiming that knowledge is constructed through social collaboration.
Erikson’s theory outlines 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood. At each stage, individuals face a conflict between two opposing states that shapes personality. Successfully resolving the conflicts leads to virtues like hope, will, purpose, and integrity.
By including thought processes in human psychology, social cognitive theory is able to avoid the assumption made by radical behaviorism that all human behavior is learned through trial and error. Instead, Bandura highlights the role of observational learning and imitation in human behavior.
Jerome Bruner believed that children construct knowledge and meaning through active experience with the world around them. He emphasized the role of culture and language in cognitive development, which occurs in a spiral fashion with children revisiting basic concepts at increasing levels of complexity and abstraction.
Cognitive psychologists have made significant contributions to our understanding of mental processes and have developed various theories and models, such as the multi-store model of memory, the working memory model, and the dual-process theory of thinking.
Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage is the first of four stages in his theory of cognitive development, spanning from birth to approximately 2 years of age. During this phase, infants and toddlers primarily learn through sensory experiences and manipulating objects.
Piaget’s preoperational stage is the second stage of his theory of cognitive development. It begins around age two and lasts until approximately age seven. During this stage, children can think symbolically and engage in make-believe play. However, their thinking is still egocentric and lacks logic.
Theory of mind is the cognitive ability to understand that others have different mental states, thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and desires, allowing us to infer and predict their behavior and empathize with their perspectives.
Lawrence Kohlberg formulated a theory asserting that individuals progress through six distinct stages of moral reasoning from infancy to adulthood. According to Kohlberg, these stages are grouped into three separate levels known as preconventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality.