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The crankshaft drives the camshaft (via a timing belt, timing chain or gears), which in turn actuates the intake and exhaust valves. [1] These valves allow the engine to inhale air (or an air/fuel mixture) and exhale the exhaust gasses. [2] The most common devices to transfer the drive are toothed rubber belts, metal timing chains or a set of ...
All 1978-1990 Iron Duke engines used a micarta camshaft gear that meshed directly with a steel gear on the crankshaft. 1991-92 VIN R and U engines used a timing chain instead. The Grumman LLV (Long Life Vehicle) built from 1987 until 1994 for the United States Postal Service for use in mail delivery were initially powered by the Iron Duke engine.
Available in 998 and 1,275 cc (60.9 and 77.8 cu in), the A-Plus had stronger engine blocks and cranks, lighter pistons and improved piston rings, Spring loaded tensioner units for the timing chain and other detail changes to increase the service interval of the engine (from 6,000 to 12,000 miles (9,700 to 19,300 km)).
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Toyota swapped the dual-row timing chain used in older engines for a single-row chain with plastic guides in 1983. The new system reduced drag on the engine but introduced a new maintenance problem. After about 100,000 miles (160,000 km) of operation, the chain may stretch to the point that the hydraulic-operated chain tensioner cannot take up ...
Timing chain failure may call for engine replacement or a costly repair. The most seriously affected units which require the most extensive repairs were produced from 01.03.2007 to 05.01.2009. [ 4 ] However, there have been reports of timing chain failure in BMW diesel engines manufactured until 2011.