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Haloalkane. Tetrafluoroethane (a haloalkane) is a colorless liquid that boils well below room temperature (as seen here) and can be extracted from common canned air canisters by simply inverting them during use. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are alkanes containing one or more halogen substituents. [1]
Alkyl group. In organic chemistry, an alkyl group is an alkane missing one hydrogen. [1] The term alkyl is intentionally unspecific to include many possible substitutions. An acyclic alkyl has the general formula of −CnH2n+1. A cycloalkyl group is derived from a cycloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring and has the general formula ...
Alkyl halides differ greatly in the ease with which they undergo the Finkelstein reaction. The reaction works well for primary (except for neopentyl) halides, and exceptionally well for allyl, benzyl, and α-carbonyl halides. Secondary halides are far less reactive.
A functional group is a group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties, regardless of the other atoms in the molecule. The atoms in a functional group are linked to each other and to the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds. For repeating units of polymers, functional groups attach to their nonpolar core of carbon atoms and ...
The Gabriel synthesis is a chemical reaction that transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines. Traditionally, the reaction uses potassium phthalimide. [1][2][3] The reaction is named after the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel. [4] The Gabriel reaction has been generalized to include the alkylation of sulfonamides [5] and imides, followed by deprotection, to obtain amines (see ...
Alkylation. Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation, a free radical, a carbanion, or a carbene (or their equivalents). [1] Alkylating agents are reagents for effecting alkylation. Alkyl groups can also be removed in a process known as dealkylation.
Silyl enol ethers are used in many reactions resulting in alkylation, e.g., Mukaiyama aldol addition, Michael reactions, and Lewis-acid-catalyzed reactions with S N 1 -reactive electrophiles (e.g., tertiary, allylic, or benzylic alkyl halides). [16][17][18][13][12] Alkylation of silyl enol ethers is especially efficient with tertiary alkyl ...
A graph showing the relative reactivities of the different alkyl halides towards S N 1 and S N 2 reactions (also see Table 1). In 1935, Edward D. Hughes and Sir Christopher Ingold studied nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides and related compounds.