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The observer-expectancy effect [a] is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment. Confirmation bias can lead to the experimenter interpreting results incorrectly because of the tendency to look for information that conforms to their hypothesis, and ...
Urdu literature (Urdu: ادبیاتِ اُردُو, “Adbiyāt-i Urdū”) comprises the literary works, written in the Urdu language.While it tends to be dominated by poetry, especially the verse forms of the ghazal (غزل) and nazm (نظم), it has expanded into other styles of writing, including that of the short story, or afsana (افسانہ).
The observer-expectancy effect is when a researcher's expectations cause them to subconsciously influence the people participating in an experiment. It is usually controlled using a double-blind system , and was an important reason for the development of double-blind experiments.
According to Mir, Syed Sadaat Ali, a Sayyid of Amroha convinced him to pursue poetry in Urdu: [16] [17] "A Sayyid from Amroha took the trouble to put me on to writing poetry in the Urdu medium, the verse which resembled Persian poetry. Urdu was the language of Hindustan by the authority of the king and presently it was gaining currency.
The authors purported that the study's results supported the hypothesis that performance can be positively or negatively influenced by the expectations of others. This phenomenon is called the observer-expectancy effect. Rosenthal argued that biased expectancies could affect reality and create self-fulfilling prophecies. [6]
Aab-e hayat (Urdu: آبِ حیات, lit. water of life) is a commentary (or tazkira) on Urdu poetry written by Muhammad Husain Azad in 1880. [1] The book was described as "canon-forming" and "the most often reprinted, and most widely read, Urdu book of the past century." [1] [2] The book is regarded as the first chronological history of Urdu ...
Does anyone have the reference for the study on 'maze bright' and 'maze dull' rats. I know I should know, but I don't (Donald Rumsfeld) With regards to observer expectancy, when and if this article is eventually refurbished: 'Electronic Voice Perception', i.e. hearing messages in (chaotically distributed) static, would probably be an excellent example.
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