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In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow , which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers.
In meteorology, clear-air turbulence (CAT) is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual clues, such as clouds, and is caused when bodies of air moving at widely different speeds meet.
In fluid dynamics, the Taylor microscale, which is sometimes called the turbulence length scale, is a length scale used to characterize a turbulent fluid flow. [1] This microscale is named after Geoffrey Ingram Taylor .
Turbulence can be caused by “waves” of air, which form upon contact with mountains and which can end up hitting an aircraft “like ocean waves crashing onto a beach”, by jet streams and ...
Most turbulence occurs in cloud with up- and downdrafts of wind, says BBC Weather's Simon King.
The eddy covariance (also known as eddy correlation and eddy flux) is a key atmospheric measurement technique to measure and calculate vertical turbulent fluxes within atmospheric boundary layers. The method analyses high-frequency wind and scalar atmospheric data series, gas, energy, and momentum, [1] which yields values of fluxes of these ...
After decades of flying, pilot Stuart Walker says turbulence isn’t entirely predictable. But there are different types of turbulence pilots watch for. Walker explains each one and what pilots do ...
The turbulent Schmidt number is commonly used in turbulence research and is defined as: [3] = where: is the eddy viscosity in units of (m 2 /s); is the eddy diffusivity (m 2 /s).; The turbulent Schmidt number describes the ratio between the rates of turbulent transport of momentum and the turbulent transport of mass (or any passive scalar).