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  2. Civilization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization

    Ancient Egypt is an example of one of the first civilizations, building pyramids starting in the 3rd millennium BCE. [ 1 ] A civilization (also spelled civilisation in British English ) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state , social stratification , urbanization , and symbolic systems of communication beyond ...

  3. Defining vocabulary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining_vocabulary

    A defining vocabulary is a list of words used by lexicographers to write dictionary definitions. The underlying principle goes back to Samuel Johnson's notion that words should be defined using 'terms less abstruse than that which is to be explained', [1] and a defining vocabulary provides the lexicographer with a restricted list of high-frequency words which can be used for producing simple ...

  4. Dictionary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary

    Langenscheidt dictionaries in various languages A multi-volume Latin dictionary by Egidio Forcellini Dictionary definition entries. A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by consonantal root for Semitic languages or radical and stroke for logographic languages), which may include information on definitions ...

  5. Civil discourse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_discourse

    Civil discourse is the practice of deliberating about matters of public concern in a way that seeks to expand knowledge and promote understanding. The word "civil" relates directly to civic in the sense of being oriented toward public life, [1] [2] and less directly to civility, in the sense of mere politeness.

  6. Crack (password software) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(password_software)

    Crack's dictionary generation rule syntax was subsequently borrowed [12] and extended [13] by Solar Designer for John the Ripper. The dictionary generation software for Crack was subsequently reused by Muffett [ 14 ] to create CrackLib , a proactive password checking library that is bundled with Debian [ 15 ] and Red Hat Enterprise Linux ...

  7. Dictionary attack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_attack

    In cryptanalysis and computer security, a dictionary attack is an attack using a restricted subset of a keyspace to defeat a cipher or authentication mechanism by trying to determine its decryption key or passphrase, sometimes trying thousands or millions of likely possibilities [1] often obtained from lists of past security breaches.

  8. Comparison of English dictionaries - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_English...

    This is a comparison of English dictionaries, which are dictionaries about the language of English.The dictionaries listed here are categorized into "full-size" dictionaries (which extensively cover the language, and are targeted to native speakers), "collegiate" (which are smaller, and often contain other biographical or geographical information useful to college students), and "learner's ...

  9. List of online dictionaries - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_dictionaries

    An online dictionary is a dictionary that is accessible via the Internet through a web browser. They can be made available in a number of ways: free, free with a paid subscription for extended or more professional content, or a paid-only service.