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When vehicles collide, the damage increases with the relative velocity of the vehicles, the damage increasing as the square of the velocity since it is the impact kinetic energy (1/2 mv 2) which is the variable of importance. Much design effort is made to improve the impact resistance of cars so as to minimize user injury.
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is different from chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate.
Alternatively the final velocity of a particle, v 2 (v A2 or v B2) is expressed by: = (+) Where: e is the coefficient of restitution. v CoM is the velocity of the center of mass of the system of two particles: = + +
In such a collision, kinetic energy is lost by bonding the two bodies together. This bonding energy usually results in a maximum kinetic energy loss of the system. It is necessary to consider conservation of momentum: (Note: In the sliding block example above, momentum of the two body system is only conserved if the surface has zero friction.
In particular, hypervelocity is velocity so high that the strength of materials upon impact is very small compared to inertial stresses. [3] Thus, metals and fluids behave alike under hypervelocity impact. An impact under extreme hypervelocity results in vaporization of the impactor and target. For structural metals, hypervelocity is generally ...
For example, in the hydrogenation reaction of ethylene the H 2 molecule must approach the bonding zone between the atoms, and only a few of all the possible collisions fulfill this requirement. To alleviate this problem, a new concept must be introduced: the steric factor ρ .
A copper-plated hollow-point loaded in a .44 Magnum, for example, with an original weight of 240 grains (15.55 g) and a diameter of 0.43 inch (11 mm) might mushroom on impact to form a rough circle with a diameter of 0.70 inches (18 mm) and a final weight of 239 grains (15.48 g).
In mechanics and physics, shock is a sudden acceleration caused, for example, by impact, drop, kick, earthquake, or explosion. Shock is a transient physical excitation. Shock describes matter subject to extreme rates of force with respect to time. Shock is a vector that has units of an acceleration (rate of change of velocity).