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Voltage: The amp's power supply voltage limits the maximum amplitude of the waveform it can output. This determines the peak momentary output power for a given load resistance. [1] [2] Current: The amp's output devices (transistors or tubes) have a current limit, above which they are damaged.
However, a common and well-accepted metric is the half-power points (i.e. frequency where the power goes down by half its peak value) on the output vs. frequency curve. Therefore, bandwidth can be defined as the difference between the lower and upper half power points. This is therefore also known as the −3 dB bandwidth.
The purpose of T2 and T3 is to allow back-biasing diode D2 when the amplifier output is at a positive peak (above 39.3 V) and back biasing D4 when the output is at negative peak less than -39.3 V. During the musical peaks from 100 to 400 watts, the +/-40 V rails source no current as all the current comes from the +/-80 V rails.
Audio stereo power amplifier made by McIntosh The internal view of a Mission Cyrus One hi-fi integrated audio amplifier (1984) [1]. An audio power amplifier (or power amp) amplifies low-power electronic audio signals, such as the signal from a radio receiver or an electric guitar pickup, to a level that is high enough for driving loudspeakers or headphones.
Peak envelope power (PEP) is the average power over a single radio frequency cycle at the crest of the modulation. This is a Federal Communications Commission definition. PEP is normally considered the occasional or continuously repeating crest of the modulation envelope under normal operating conditions.
Peak power is the highest power level that a transmitter can achieve during its operation. Unlike average power, which is the mean power output over a period, peak power represents the maximum power output at any given instant. This distinction is crucial in applications where signal peaks can significantly exceed the average power level.
Clipping can occur within a system as processing (e.g. an all-pass filter) can change the phase relationship between spectral components of a signal in such a way as to create excessive peak outputs. The excessive peaks may become clipped even though the system can play any simple sine wave signals of the same level without clipping.
Saturation — output voltage is limited to a peak value, usually slightly less than the power supply voltage. Saturation occurs when the differential input voltage is too high for the op-amp's gain, driving the output level to that peak value. Slewing — the amplifier's output voltage reaches its maximum rate of change.