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Hemoglobin Portland II (also referred to as ζ 2 β 2 or HbE Portland-2) is a form of hemoglobin existing at low levels during embryonic and fetal life, composed of two zeta chains and two beta chains.
A human peripheral blood smear; NRBCs are visible as larger cells with dark centers.. A nucleated red blood cell (NRBC), also known by several other names, is a red blood cell that contains a cell nucleus.
Howell–Jolly bodies: small, round inclusions seen in erythrocytes (peripheral blood – MGG stain) This DNA appears as a basophilic (purple) spot on the otherwise eosinophilic (pink) erythrocyte on a standard H&E stained blood smear.
Spherocytosis is the presence of spherocytes in the blood, i.e. erythrocytes (red blood cells) that are sphere-shaped rather than bi-concave disk shaped as normal. Spherocytes are found in all hemolytic anemias to some degree.
The normal values for infants are about twice as high as for adults, which is the result of their relatively short legs. [citation needed] It does not need to be adjusted for age after adolescence. [6] It has also been shown to have a lower false positive rate in athletes. [12]
In obstructive lung disease, the FEV1 is reduced due to an obstruction of air escaping from the lungs. Thus, the FEV1/FVC ratio will be reduced. [4] More specifically, according to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, the diagnosis of COPD is made when the FEV 1 /FVC ratio is less than 0.7 or [8] the FEV 1 is less than 75% of predicted; [9] however, other authoritative bodies have ...
A normal Reid Index should be smaller than 0.4, the thickness of the wall is always more than double the thickness of the glands it contains. Chronic smoking causes submucosal gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia, leading to a Reid Index of >0.5 indicating chronic bronchitis. [4]