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Ali, a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was the first of the Twelve Imams, and, in the Twelvers view, the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Al-Husayn, who was the brother of Al-Hasan.
Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Husayn Ibn Ali, who was the brother of Hasan Ibn Ali. [96] The twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive, and in hiding. [99] The Shi'a Imams are seen as infallible.
It is in this sense that the imam is said to be the Proof of God (hujjat Allah), the Vicar of God (khakifat Allah), and the Threshold of God (bab Allah). [97] In particular, as the divinely-sanctioned guide, imam is the highest proof ( hujjat ) of God on Earth and His evidence on the judgement day against those who deny or disobey Him.
Abd Allah ibn Muhammad (Ahmad al-Wafi), died 829, "hidden Imam", son of Muhammad ibn Isma'il according to Fatimid Isma'ili tradition; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah (Muhammad at-Taqi), died 840, "hidden Imam" Husayn ibn Ahmad (Abd Allah al-Radi), died 881, "hidden Imam" Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, died 934, openly declares himself Imam, 1st Fatimid Caliph
In response, in April/May 912, al-Mahdi officially proclaimed Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad as heir-apparent (wali al-ahd), gave him the regnal name al-qa'im bi-amr Allah ('He who executes God's command'), and placed him in charge of the army sent to quell the revolt. [38] On 21 June 912, the loyalist army decisively defeated the rebels near Mila.
According to the Hadith of the Twelve Successors, Muhammad said that the Islamic leadership is in Quraysh (i.e. his tribe) and that 12 "imams" (also called "princes" or "caliphs") shall succeed him. [35] [36] [37] Twelver Shias believe in twelve imams. They believe eleven of the imams were killed but that the twelfth imam is still alive.
Muhammad al-Baqir is an imam for Twelvers and Isma'ilis, [3] who constitute the overwhelming majority of Shia Muslims. [189] For them, after the prophet, Shia imams are regarded as the sole source of religious guidance, fostering an all-encompassing bond of loyalty (walaya) with their Shias. [190]
Ibn Abi Al-Dunya (208-281 AH) was a hadith scholar, literary historian, and educator. He was renowned for his books on hadith, history, asceticism, heart-softening narratives, and religious admonitions.