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These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol −1. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms.
It is also an SI derived unit of molar thermodynamic energy defined as the energy equal to one joule in one mole of substance. [1] [2] For example, the Gibbs free energy of a compound in the area of thermochemistry is often quantified in units of kilojoules per mole (symbol: kJ·mol −1 or kJ/mol), with 1 kilojoule = 1000 joules. [3]
For a fuel of composition C c H h O o N n, the (higher) heat of combustion is 419 kJ/mol × (c + 0.3 h − 0.5 o) usually to a good approximation (±3%), [2] [3] though it gives poor results for some compounds such as (gaseous) formaldehyde and carbon monoxide, and can be significantly off if o + n > c, such as for glycerine dinitrate, C 3 H 6 ...
MJ MJ 1.0 MJ (0.28 kWh) kilojoule: kJ kJ 1.0 kJ (240 cal) hectojoule: hJ hJ 1.0 hJ (24 cal) decajoule: daJ daJ 1.0 daJ (2.4 cal) joule: J J 1.0 J (0.24 cal) decijoule: dJ dJ 1.0 dJ (0.024 cal) centijoule: cJ cJ 1.0 cJ (0.0024 cal) millijoule: mJ mJ 1.0 mJ (0.00024 cal) microjoule: μJ (uJ) μJ 1.0 μJ (2.4 × 10 −7 cal) nanojoule: nJ nJ
The contribution of the muscle to the specific heat of the body is approximately 47%, and the contribution of the fat and skin is approximately 24%. The specific heat of tissues range from ~0.7 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for tooth (enamel) to 4.2 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for eye (sclera). [13]
Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency % Arbitrary Antimatter: 89,875,517,874: depends on density:
1 kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule [9] 2.1×10 −21 J Thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV) [10] 2.856×10 −21 J By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information 3–7×10 −21 J
If a comet with this speed fell to the Earth it would gain another 63 MJ/kg, yielding a total of 2655 MJ/kg with a speed of 72.9 km/s. Since the equator is moving at about 0.5 km/s, the impact speed has an upper limit of 73.4 km/s, giving an upper limit for the specific energy of a comet hitting the Earth of about 2690 MJ/kg.