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In integral calculus, integration by reduction formulae is a method relying on recurrence relations. It is used when an expression containing an integer parameter , usually in the form of powers of elementary functions, or products of transcendental functions and polynomials of arbitrary degree , can't be integrated directly.
Integration by parts is a heuristic rather than a purely mechanical process for solving integrals; given a single function to integrate, the typical strategy is to carefully separate this single function into a product of two functions u(x)v(x) such that the residual integral from the integration by parts formula is easier to evaluate than the ...
Just as the integration by parts above reduced the integral of secant cubed to the integral of secant to the first power, so a similar process reduces the integral of higher odd powers of secant to lower ones. This is the secant reduction formula, which follows the syntax:
By means of integration by parts, a reduction formula can be obtained. Using the identity = , we have for all , = () () = . Integrating the second integral by parts, with:
Lebesgue integration; Contour integration; Integral of inverse functions; Integration by; Parts; Discs; Cylindrical shells; Substitution (trigonometric, tangent half-angle, Euler) Euler's formula; Partial fractions (Heaviside's method) Changing order; Reduction formulae; Differentiating under the integral sign; Risch algorithm
Lebesgue integration; Contour integration; Integral of inverse functions; Integration by; Parts; Discs; Cylindrical shells; Substitution (trigonometric, tangent half-angle, Euler) Euler's formula; Partial fractions (Heaviside's method) Changing order; Reduction formulae; Differentiating under the integral sign; Risch algorithm
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
Integration by parts; Integration by parts operator; Integration by reduction formulae; Integration by substitution; Integration using Euler's formula; Integration using parametric derivatives; Itô calculus