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Knowledge, education and understanding are uppermost in management plans for tic disorders, [6] and psychoeducation is the first step. [14] [15] A child's parents are typically the first to notice their tics; [16] they may feel worried, imagine that they are somehow responsible, or feel burdened by misinformation about Tourette's. [14]
Tourette syndrome or Tourette's syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic.
Transient tic disorder consisted of multiple motor and/or phonic tics with duration of at least 4 weeks, but less than 12 months. Chronic tic disorder was either single or multiple motor or phonic tics, but not both, which were present for more than a year.
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A. Either one or multiple motor and/or vocal tics, for example, motor or vocal noises that are rapid, repeated, sudden, and nonrhythmic. B. The tics happen multiple times over the course of the day, almost every day for at least 4 weeks, but do not occur continually for any longer than 1 year. C. Symptoms are present before the age of 18. D.
Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological condition of multiple motor and at least one vocal tic. Although Tourette syndrome is the most common cause of tic disorders, [1] other sporadic, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders may also exhibit tics. [2] [3]
Controlled trials have demonstrated that HRT is an acceptable, tolerable, effective and durable treatment for tics; [1] HRT reduces the severity of vocal tics, and results in enduring improvement of tics when compared with supportive therapy. [7] HRT has been shown to be more effective than supportive therapy and, in some studies, medication. [8]
Massed negative practice is a proposed treatment for the tics of Tourette syndrome in which the individual with Tourette's "practices" tics continuously until a conditioned level of fatigue is reached.