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Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs obtained from medicinal plants, animals, fungi, and other natural sources. [1] The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical , and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin ...
Topics of pharmacodynamics. Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs).The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection).
In pharmacology, biological activity or pharmacological activity describes the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter. [1] [2] When a drug is a complex chemical mixture, this activity is exerted by the substance's active ingredient or pharmacophore but can be modified by the other constituents. Among the various properties of ...
Chemicals from European Molecular Biology Laboratory EMBL: molecules with drug-like properties "ChEMBL". 1,961,000 cheML.io: Departments of Computer Science and Chemistry at Nazarbayev University de novo molecules generated by ML models SMILES, computed properties artificially generated "cheML.io". [3] 2,800,000 ChemDB chemical database small ...
It also includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties, and their quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). [1] [2] Medicinal chemistry is a highly interdisciplinary science combining organic chemistry with biochemistry, computational chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology, statistics, and physical chemistry.
Lipinski's rule of five, also known as Pfizer's rule of five or simply the rule of five (RO5), is a rule of thumb to evaluate druglikeness or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacological or biological activity has chemical properties and physical properties that would likely make it an orally active drug in humans.
Therefore, the dose required to give a certain plasma concentration can be determined if the V D for that drug is known. The V D is not a physiological value; it is more a reflection of how a drug will distribute throughout the body depending on several physicochemical properties, e.g. solubility, charge, size, etc.
Physical properties of the drug (hydrophobicity, pKa, solubility) The drug formulation (immediate release, excipients used, manufacturing methods, modified release – delayed release, extended release, sustained release, etc.) Whether the formulation is administered in a fed or fasted state; Gastric emptying rate; Circadian differences