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Internal resistance model of a source of voltage, where ε is the electromotive force of the source, R is the load resistance, V is the voltage drop across the load, I is the current delivered by the source, and r is the internal resistance. In electrical engineering, a practical electric power source which is a linear circuit may, according to ...
In electronics, the relationship between the direct current (DC) through an electronic device and the DC voltage across its terminals is called a current–voltage characteristic of the device. Electronic engineers use these charts to determine basic parameters of a device and to model its behavior in an electrical circuit. These ...
An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily forming an electronic switch. It was developed to combine high efficiency with fast switching. It was developed to combine high efficiency with fast switching.
It has been considered the most important transistor, [82] possibly the most important invention in electronics, [83] and the device that enabled modern electronics. [84] It has been the basis of modern digital electronics since the late 20th century, paving the way for the digital age . [ 85 ]
In the case of transistor current sources, impedances of a few megohms (at low frequencies) are typical. Because power is current squared times resistance, as a load resistance connected to a current source approaches zero (a short circuit), the current and thus power both approach zero. Ideal current sources don't exist.
Bipolar transistors, and particularly power transistors, have long base-storage times when they are driven into saturation; the base storage limits turn-off time in switching applications. A Baker clamp can prevent the transistor from heavily saturating, which reduces the amount of charge stored in the base and thus improves switching time.
The role of the base resistor is to expand the very small transistor input voltage range (about 0.7 V) to the logical "1" level (about 3.5 V) by converting the input voltage into current. Its resistance is settled by a compromise: it is chosen low enough to saturate the transistor and high enough to obtain high input resistance.
Internal resistance is a concept that helps model the electrical consequences of the complex chemical reactions inside a battery. It is impossible to directly measure the internal resistance of a battery, but it can be calculated from current and voltage data measured from a circuit.