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Like inner joins, one can further sub-categorize all types of outer joins as equi-joins, natural joins, ON <predicate> (θ-join), etc. [8] No implicit join-notation for outer joins exists in standard SQL. A Venn diagram representing the left join SQL statement between tables A and B.
The right outer join ( ) behaves almost identically to the left outer join, but the roles of the tables are switched. The right outer join of relations R and S is written as R S . [ e ] The result of the right outer join is the set of all combinations of tuples in R and S that are equal on their common attribute names, in addition to tuples in ...
The syntax of the SQL programming language is defined and ... A subquery can use values from the outer ... the SQL statement involves a join from the initial "Book ...
SQL outer joins, including left outer joins, right outer joins, and full outer joins, automatically produce Nulls as placeholders for missing values in related tables. For left outer joins, for instance, Nulls are produced in place of rows missing from the table appearing on the right-hand side of the LEFT OUTER JOIN operator. The following ...
A subquery can use values from the outer query, in which case it is known as a correlated subquery. Since 1999 the SQL standard allows WITH clauses, i.e. named subqueries often called common table expressions (named and designed after the IBM DB2 version 2 implementation; Oracle calls these subquery factoring).
algorithm nested_loop_join is for each tuple r in R do for each tuple s in S do if r and s satisfy the join condition then yield tuple <r,s> This algorithm will involve n r *b s + b r block transfers and n r +b r seeks, where b r and b s are number of blocks in relations R and S respectively, and n r is the number of tuples in relation R.
Support for Complex Joins and Keys All types of complex joins and keys are supported including Left, Right, and Outer joins. Keys with multiple columns are supported as well. Database Independent Eliminates the need to write database specific code and the same code base can be used against any of the supported databases without a recompile.
In SQL, a mere JOIN is equivalent to an INNER JOIN, the latter clarifying that the join statement is specifically an inner join operation as opposed to an outer join operation. Likewise, one may omit the OUTER from the LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN and FULL OUTER JOIN.