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  2. Cold water pitting of copper tube - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_water_pitting_of...

    Copper tubes have been used to distribute potable water within building for many years and hundreds of miles are installed throughout Europe every year. The long life of copper when exposed to natural waters is a result of its thermodynamic stability, its high resistance to reacting with the environment, and the formation of insoluble corrosion products that insulate the metal from the ...

  3. Erosion corrosion of copper water tubes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion_corrosion_of...

    The long life of copper when exposed to natural waters is a result of its thermodynamic stability, its high resistance to reacting with the environment, and the formation of insoluble corrosion products that insulate the metal from the environment. The corrosion rate of copper in most drinkable waters is less than 2.5 μm/year, at this rate a ...

  4. Pilling–Bedworth ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilling–Bedworth_ratio

    N.B. Pilling and R.E. Bedworth [2] suggested in 1923 that metals can be classed into two categories: those that form protective oxides, and those that cannot. They ascribed the protectiveness of the oxide to the volume the oxide takes in comparison to the volume of the metal used to produce this oxide in a corrosion process in dry air.

  5. Pitting corrosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitting_corrosion

    Pitting corrosion, or pitting, is a form of extremely localized corrosion that leads to the random creation of small holes in metal. The driving power for pitting corrosion is the depassivation of a small area, which becomes anodic (oxidation reaction) while an unknown but potentially vast area becomes cathodic (reduction reaction), leading to ...

  6. Galling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galling

    A material with high stacking-fault energy, such as aluminium or titanium, will be far more susceptible to galling than materials with low stacking-fault energy, like copper, bronze, or gold. Conversely, materials with a hexagonal close packed (HCP) structure and a high c/a ratio, such as cobalt-based alloys, are extremely resistant to galling. [4]

  7. Cold water pitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/?title=Cold_water_pitting&...

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  8. Direct process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_process

    Dichlorodimethylsilane is the major product of the reaction, as is expected, being obtained in about 70–90% yield. The next most abundant product is methyltrichlorosilane (MeSiCl 3), at 5–15% of the total. Other products include Me 3 SiCl (2–4%), MeHSiCl 2 (1–4%), and Me 2 HSiCl (0.1–0.5%). [1] The Me 2 SiCl 2 is purified by ...

  9. Coble creep - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coble_creep

    Dislocation creep, sometimes called power law creep (PLC), has a power law dependence on the applied stress ranging from 3 to 8. [1] Dislocation movement is related to the atomic and lattice structure of the crystal, so different materials respond differently to stress, as opposed to Coble creep which is always linear.