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Diphthongs contrast with monophthongs, where the tongue or other speech organs do not move and the syllable contains only a single vowel sound. For instance, in English, the word ah is spoken as a monophthong (/ ɑː /), while the word ow is spoken as a diphthong in most varieties (/ aʊ /).
äu is used in German for the diphthong /ɔɪ/ in declension of native words with au ; elsewhere, /ɔɪ/ is written as eu . In words, mostly of Latin origin, where ä and u are separated by a syllable boundary, it represents /ɛ.ʊ/, e.g. Matthäus (a German form for Matthew).
Note that some words contain an ae which may not be written æ because the etymology is not from the Greek -αι-or Latin -ae-diphthongs. These include: In instances of aer (starting or within a word) when it makes the sound IPA [ɛə]/[eə] (air). Comes from the Latin āër, Greek ἀήρ. When ae makes the diphthong / eɪ / (lay) or / aɪ ...
Late Old English (Anglian) Early Middle English Late Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Example (Old and Modern English forms given) [1] æġ, ǣġ
Another possible transcription is oʷ or ɤʷ (a close-mid back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong. For the close-mid near-back protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ʊ , see near-close back protruded vowel. If the usual symbol is o , the vowel is listed here.
Diphthongs are typically specified with a non-syllabic diacritic, as in ui̯ or u̯i , or with a superscript for the on- or off-glide, as in uⁱ or ᵘi . Sometimes a tie bar is used: u͜i , especially when it is difficult to tell if the diphthong is characterized by an on-glide or an off-glide or when it is variable. Notes
The diphthong /ɔw/ of soul was raised to /ow/, and then monophthongized to /oː/, merging with boat (see toe–tow merger). Before /r/ , this vowel further merged with /ɔː/ due to the horse–hoarse merger except in some varieties, as currently seen in Irish English , Scottish English and African American Vernacular English .
The long diphthongs /ɛːu̯ aːu̯ ɔːu̯/ occurred rarely. [41] The diphthongs /ei ou yi/ changed to /eː uː yː/ in the early Classical period in most cases, but /ei yi/ remained before vowels. In the tables below, the diphthongs that were monophthongized in most cases are preceded by an asterisk, and the rarer diphthongs are in parentheses.